Most CO2 from catabolism is released during
A) glycolysis.
B) the citric acid cycle.
C) lactate fermentation.
D) electron transport.
E) oxidative...
Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration?
Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration?
A. Only respiration oxidized Glucose
B. NADH is oxidized...
Cells do not catalyze carbon dioxide because
Cells do not catalyze carbon dioxide because
A. It's double bonds are too stable to be broken
B. CO2 has fewer binding electrons than other...
When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occur?
When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occur?
A. The pH of the matrix increases
B....
The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is
The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is
A. Oxygen
B. Water
C. NAD+
D. Pyruvate
E....
In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions
In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions
A. Are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis
B. Are directly coupled to substrate-level...
Which metabolic pathway is common in both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?
Which metabolic pathway is common in both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?
A. The citric acid cycle
B. The electron...
The immediate energy source that drives ATP Synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is
The immediate energy source that drives ATP Synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is
A. The oxidation of glucose and other organic...
Even though plants carry on photosynthesis, plant cells still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. When and where will this occur?
Even though plants carry on photosynthesis, plant cells still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. When and where will this occur?
A....
What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?
What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?
A. Oxidation of glucose
B. Oxidation of pyruvate
C. Feedback regulation
D. Control of ATP accumulation
E....
Phosphofructokinase is an allosterically enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, an increase in the amount ATP in a cell would be expected to
Phosphofructokinase is an allosterically enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate, an early step of...
Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme in the regulation of cellular respiration. Which of the following statements describes a function of phosphofructokinase?
Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme in the regulation of cellular respiration. Which of the following statements describes a function...
You have a friend who lost 7kg of fat on a low carb diet. How did the fat leave her body?
You have a friend who lost 7kg of fat on a low carb diet. How did the fat leave her body?
A. It was released as CO2 and H2O
B. Chemical energy was...
When muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by
When muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by
A. Buildup of pyruvate
B. Buildup...
When muscle cells are oxygen deprived, the heart still pumps. What must the heart cells be able to do?
When muscle cells are oxygen deprived, the heart still pumps. What must the heart cells be able to do?
A. Derive sufficient energy from fermentation
B....
Muscle cells, when an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen deprived, convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells?
Muscle cells, when an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen deprived, convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the...
Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?
Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?
A. It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation
B....
Glycolysis is thought to be one of the most ancient of metabolic processes. Which statement supports this idea?
Glycolysis is thought to be one of the most ancient of metabolic processes. Which statement supports this idea?
A. Glycolysis is the most widespread...
An organism is discovered that consumes a considerable amount of sugar, yet it does not gain much weight when denied air. Curiously, the consumption of sugar increases as the air is removed from the organisms environment, but the organism seems to thrive even in the absence of air. When return a normal air, the organism does fine. Which of the following best describes an organism?
An organism is discovered that consumes a considerable amount of sugar, yet it does not gain much weight when denied air. Curiously, the consumption...
One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to
One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to
A. Reduce NAD+ to NADH
B. reduce FAD+ to FADH2
C. Oxidize NADH to NAD+
D....
In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH during which of the following?
In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH during which of the following?
A. Reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol
B. Oxidation of pyruvate...
In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of
In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of
A. ATP, CO2, and ethanol
B. ATP, CO2, and...
The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
A. The electron transport chain
B. Substrate-level phosphorylation
C. Chemiosmosis
D....
Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
A. The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
B. The citric acid cycle
C....
Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
A. Glycolysis and fermentation
B. Fermentation and chemiosmosis
C. Oxidation of...
Which of the following normally occur whether or not oxygen is present?
Which of the following normally occur whether or not oxygen is present?
A. Glycolysis
B. Fermentation
C. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
D. Citric...
Which of the following describes ubiquinone?
Which of the following describes ubiquinone?
A. A protein in the electron transport chain
B. A small hydrophobic coenzyme
C. A substrate for synthesis...
Which of the following couples chemiosmosis to energy storage?
Which of the following couples chemiosmosis to energy storage?
A. NADH
B. FADH2
C. cytochrome
D. Electron transport
E. ATP synthase
Answer:...
The accompanying figure shows the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the combination of substances that is initially added to the chain.
The accompanying figure shows the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the combination of substances that is initially added to the chain.
A....
Exposing inner mitochondrial membrane's to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal inside out. These little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. If the membranes are agitated still further however, the ability to synthesize ATP is lost. It should be possible to reconstitute the abilities of the vesicles if which of the following is added?
Exposing inner mitochondrial membrane's to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal inside out. These little...
Exposing inner mitochondrial membrane's to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal inside out. These little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. If the membranes are agitated still further however, the ability to synthesize ATP is lost. After the second agitation of the membrane vesicles, what must be lost from the membrane?
Exposing inner mitochondrial membrane's to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal inside out. These little...
Exposing inner mitochondrial membrane's to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal inside out. These little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. If the membranes are agitated still further however, the ability to synthesize ATP is lost. After the first disruption, when electron transfer and ATP synthesis occurs, what must be present?
Exposing inner mitochondrial membrane's to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal inside out. These little...
In liver cells, the inter-mitochondrial membrane's are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membrane, about 17 times that of the cells plasma membrane. What purpose must this serve?
In liver cells, the inter-mitochondrial membrane's are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membrane, about 17 times that of the cells...
What is proton-motive force?
What is proton-motive force?
A. The force required to remove an electron from hydrogen
B. The transmembrane proton concentration gradient
C. Movement...
Recall that the complete oxidation of a mole of glucose releases 686 kcal of energy. The phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores approximately 7.3 kcal per mole of ATP. What is the approximate efficiency if cellular respiration for the mutant organism that produces only 29 moles of ATP for every mole of glucose oxidized, rather than the usual 36 to 38 mold of ATP?
Recall that the complete oxidation of a mole of glucose releases 686 kcal of energy. The phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores approximately 7.3...
Approximately what percentage of the energy of glucose is transferred to storage in ATP as a result of the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water in cellular respiration?
Approximately what percentage of the energy of glucose is transferred to storage in ATP as a result of the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide...
Assume a mitochondrion contains 58 NADH and 19 is FADH2. If each of the 77 dinucleotides were used, approximately how many ATP molecules could be generated as a result of oxidative phosphorylation?
Assume a mitochondrion contains 58 NADH and 19 is FADH2. If each of the 77 dinucleotides were used, approximately how many ATP molecules could be generated...
Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose in cellular respiration?
Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose in cellular respiration?
A. 2
B. 4
C....
Which of the following produces the most ATP from glucose is completely oxidize to carbon dioxide and water?
Which of the following produces the most ATP from glucose is completely oxidize to carbon dioxide and water?
A. Glycolysis
B. Fermentation
C. Oxidation...
Each time a molecule of glucose is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen molecules are required?
Each time a molecule of glucose is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen molecules are required?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 6
D. 12
E. 38
Answer:...
It is possible to prepare vesicles from portions of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial components. Which one of the following processes could still be carried on by this isolated inner membrane?
It is possible to prepare vesicles from portions of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial components. Which one of the following processes could still...
Where is ATP synthase in the mitochondrial?
Where is ATP synthase in the mitochondrial?
A. Cytosol
B. Electron transport chain
C. Outer membrane
D. Inner membrane
E. Mitochondrial matrix
Answer:...
When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the
When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the
A. Formation...
The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is
The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is
A. Oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water
B. The...
Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?
Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?
A. Cytosol
B. Mitochondrial outer membrane
C. Mitochondrial...
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP+P1 to ATP?
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP+P1 to ATP?
A. Energy released as electrons flow...
During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from?
During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Glucose
C. Molecular...
Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?
Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?
A. Glycolysis, NADH, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP, oxygen
B. Citric acid cycle,...
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
A. Yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain
B. Act as an...
During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?
During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?
A. NAD+
B....
Which of the following describes the sequence of electron carriers in the ETC, starting with the least electronegative?
Which of the following describes the sequence of electron carriers in the ETC, starting with the least electronegative?
A. Ubiquinone(Q), cytochromes...
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
A. Cytosol
B. Mitochondrial outer membrane
C. Mitochondrial inner membrane
D. Mitochondrial...
During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
A. Food -> citric acid cycle-> ATP-> NAD+
B. Food-> NADH->...
Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following?
Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following?
A. Substrate-level phosphorylation
B. Chemiosmotic phosphorylation
C....
A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal cod the following, which is the best explanation of his condition?
A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover...
For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH+, FADH2 molecules produced?
For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH+, FADH2 molecules produced?
A....
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
A. Glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl...
How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?
How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
E. 10
Answer:...
During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?
During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?
A. Cytosol
B. Mitochondrial outer membrane
C. Mitochondrial inner membrane
D....
In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2. 2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and 3) is bonded to coenzyme A. Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?
In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon,...
In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2. 2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate and 3) is bonded to coenzyme A How does the pyruvate enter the mitochondrion?
In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon,...
In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2 2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and 3) is bonded to coenzyme A. Why is coenzyme A, a sulfur containing molecule derived from a B vitamin, added?
In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1) loses a carbon,...
In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1.) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2. 2.) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and 3.) is bonded to coenzyme A. These three steps result in the formation of
In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate 1.) loses a...
Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase?
Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase?
A. It both splits molecules and assembles molecules
B. It attaches and...
What kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?
What kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?
A. An agent that reacts with oxygen and depleted its concentration...
A molecule that is phosphorylated
A molecule that is phosphorylated
A. Has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate
B. Has a...
In glycolysis, for each molecule for glucose oxidized to pyruvate
In glycolysis, for each molecule for glucose oxidized to pyruvate
A. 2 molecules of ATP are used and 2 molecules of ATP are produced
B. 2 molecules...
Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis would be
Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis would be
A. 2 NAD+, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O
B. 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2...
The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed?
The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mole....
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
A. CO2 and H2O
B. CO2 and pyruvate
C. NADH and pyruvate
D. CO2 and NADH
E H2O,FADH,...
During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is
During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is
A. Transferred to ADP, forming ATP
B. transferred directly...
Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis?
Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis?
A. 0%
B. 2%
C. 10%
D. 38%
E. 100%...
Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods?
Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods?
A. They have a lot of oxygen atoms
B. They have no nitrogen in their makeup
C. They...
An electron loses potential energy when it
An electron loses potential energy when it
A. Shifts to a less electronegative atom
B. Shifts to a more electronegative atom
C. Increases its...
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?
A. Electron transport
B. Glycolysis
C. The citric...
The oxygen consumes during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?
The oxygen consumes during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?
A. Glycolysis
B. Accepting electrons at the end of...
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by
The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by
A. Substrate-level phosphorylation
B. Electron transport
C. Photo phosphorylation
D. Chemiosmosis
E....
Where does glycolysis take place?
Where does glycolysis take place?
A. Mitochondrial matrix
B. Mitochondrial outer membrane
C. Mitochondrial inner membrane
D. Mitochondrial intermembrane...
Which of the following statements describes NAD+?
Which of the following statements describes NAD+?
A. NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
B. NAD+ has more...
When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) the molecule becomes
When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) the molecule becomes
A. Hydrogenated
B. Oxidized
C....
When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen Atom as a result of oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes
When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen Atom as a result of oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes
A. Dehydrogenated
B. Hydrogenated
C....
Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6+6O2-> 6CO2+6H2O+energy
Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction?C6H12O6+6O2-> 6CO2+6H2O+energy
A. C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is...
Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy?
Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy?
A. The covalent bond in organic molecules...
When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens?
When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens?
A. Energy is released
B. Energy is consumed
C. The more electronegative...
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction
A. Gains electron and gains energy
B....
What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?
What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?
A. Anabolic pathways
B. Catabolic pathways
C....
Which of the following the most correct interpretation of the figure?
Which of the following the most correct interpretation of the figure?
a.) ADP + Pi are a set of molecule that store energy for catabolism
b.) Pi acts...
According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis,_________
According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis,_________
a.) the binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site
b.)...
For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?
For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?
a.) The organism ultimately must obtain...
Which of the following is an example of cooperatively?
Which of the following is an example of cooperatively?
a.) binding of an ATP molecule along with one of the substrate molecules in an active site
b.)...
Biological evolution of life on Earth, from simple prokaryote-like cells to large, multicellular eukaryotic organisms,______.
Biological evolution of life on Earth, from simple prokaryote-like cells to large, multicellular eukaryotic organisms,______.
a.) has occurred in...
A system at chemical equilibrium_____.
A system at chemical equilibrium_____.
a.) can do no work
b.) releases energy at a steady rate
c.) has zero kinetic energy
d.) consumes energy at...
Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?
Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?
a.) a molecule of glucose
b.) light flashed emitted by a firefly
c.)...
The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is delta G= DeltaH-TdeltaS. Which of the following is (are) correct?
The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is delta G= DeltaH-TdeltaS. Which of the following is (are) correct?
a.) delta...
Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
a.) anabolism (anabolic pathways)
b.)...
Which of the following involves a decrease in entropy?
Which of the following involves a decrease in entropy?
a.) hydrolysis reactions
b.) condensation reactions
c.) depolymerization reactions
d.) reactions...
Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP?
Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP?
a.) a DNA nucleotide
b.) a pentose sugar
c.) an RNA nucleotide
d.) an amino acid with...
A chemical reaction that has a positive delta G is best described as _____
A chemical reaction that has a positive delta G is best described as _____
a.) spontaneous
b.) endergonic
c.) enthalpic
d.) exergonic
Answer:...
Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is the anabolism as ___ is to ____.
Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is the anabolism as ___ is to ____.
a.) free energy; entropy
b.) exergonic;...
Which of the following terms best describe the forward reaction in the figure?
Which of the following terms best describe the forward reaction in the figure?
a.) exergonic delta G > 0
b.) exergonic delta G < 0
c.) endergonic...
Which of the following is true of enzymes?
Which of the following is true of enzymes?
a.) enzyme function is increased if the 3-d structure or conformation of an enzyme is altered
b.) enzymes...
In a biological reaction, succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by masonic acid, a substance that resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the amount of succinate molecules to those of masonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect of masonic acid. Select the correct identification of the molecules described in the reaction.
In a biological reaction, succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by masonic acid, a substance...
Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?
Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law...
Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?
Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?
a.) catabolic reactions
b.) anabolic reactions
c.) digestions
d.)...
What is substance X?
What is substance X?
a.) a substrate
b.) an intermediate
c.) an allosteric inhibitor
d.) the product
Answer: ...
Which of the following represents the activation energy required for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the figure?
Which of the following represents the activation energy required for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the figure?
a.) a
b.) b
c.) c
d.) d
Answer:...
Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?
Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?
a.) energy cannot be transferred or transformed
b.) the entropy of the universe...
Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's____
Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's____
a.)...
The lock-and-key analogy for the enzymes applies to the specificity of enzymes_______.
The lock-and-key analogy for the enzymes applies to the specificity of enzymes_______.
a.) binding to their substrates
b.) interacting with ions
c.)...
The active site of an enzyme is the region that______
The active site of an enzyme is the region that______
a.) binds the allosteric regulators of the enzyme
b.) binds the noncompetitive inhibitors of...
During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a delta G of -20 kcal/mol. If you double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, what will be the delta G for the new reaction?
During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a delta G of -20 kcal/mol. If you double the amount of enzyme in...
Anabolic pathways_____.
Anabolic pathways_____.
a.) consume energy to build up polymers from monomers
b.) consume energy to decrease the entropy of the organism and its...
When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell?
When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell?
a.) it is secreted as waste
b.)...
Chemical equilibrium is relatively rare in living cells. An example of a reaction at chemical equilibrium in a cell would be_____.
Chemical equilibrium is relatively rare in living cells. An example of a reaction at chemical equilibrium in a cell would be_____.
a.) an endergonic...
In solution, why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily than condensation reactions?
In solution, why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily than condensation reactions?
a.) hydrolysis increases entropy and is exergonic
b.) hydrolysis...
Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
a.) its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions
b.) its terminal phosphate...
Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?
Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?
a.) without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward...
Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?
Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?
a.) allosteric inhibition
b.) insufficient...
When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?
When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?
a.) it is used to power yet more cellular...
Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?
Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?
a.) the reaction goes only in a forward direction: all reactants will be converted to...
Which of the following is true of metabolism in its entirety in all organisms?
Which of the following is true of metabolism in its entirety in all organisms?
a.) metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions...
Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. How many electrons are needed to complete the valence shell of a fluorine atom?
Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. How many electrons are needed to complete the valence shell of a fluorine atom?
3
5
7
1
9...
How many electrons would be expected in the outermost electron shell of an atom with atomic number 12?
How many electrons would be expected in the outermost electron shell of an atom with atomic number 12?
A) 1
B) 8
C) 6
D) 2
E) 4
Answer:...
Atoms whose outer electron shells contain eight electrons tend to
Atoms whose outer electron shells contain eight electrons tend to
be isotopes and very radioactive.
form covalent bonds in aqueous solutions.
be...
The atomic number of neon is 10. Therefore, which of the following is correct about an atom of neon?
The atomic number of neon is 10. Therefore, which of the following is correct about an atom of neon?
A) It is inert.
B) It has 8 electrons in its...
Electrons exist only at fixed levels of potential energy. However, if an atom absorbs sufficient energy, a possible result is that
Electrons exist only at fixed levels of potential energy. However, if an atom absorbs sufficient energy, a possible result is that
the atom would...
One difference between carbon-12 (126C) and carbon-14 (146C) is that carbon-14 has
One difference between carbon-12 (126C) and carbon-14 (146C) is that carbon-14 has
A) two more neutrons than carbon-12.
B) two more electrons than...
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. Thus, the atomic mass of an oxygen atom is
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. Thus, the atomic mass of an oxygen atom is
A) approximately 16 daltons.
B) 24 amu (atomic...
What is the approximate atomic mass of an atom with 16 neutrons, 15 protons, and 15 electrons?
What is the approximate atomic mass of an atom with 16 neutrons, 15 protons, and 15 electrons?
A) 46 daltons
B) 31 daltons
C) 15 daltons
D) 30 daltons
E)...
The mass number of an element can be easily approximated by adding together the number of __________ in an atom of that element.
The mass number of an element can be easily approximated by adding together the number of __________ in an atom of that element.
protons and neutrons
energy...
About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?
About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?
a....
Which of the following describes any reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium?
Which of the following describes any reaction that has reached chemical equilibrium?
A) All of the reactants have been converted to the products...
The molecule shown here could be described in chemical symbols as
The molecule shown here could be described in chemical symbols as
A) C4H4
B) C2H3
C) CH2O
D) H2O
E) CH4
Answer:...
Which of the following explains most specifically the attraction of water molecules to one another?
Which of the following explains most specifically the attraction of water molecules to one another?
A) ionic bond
B) hydrophobic interaction
C) hydrogen...
The atomic number of chlorine is 17. The atomic number of magnesium is 12. What is the formula for magnesium chloride?
The atomic number of chlorine is 17. The atomic number of magnesium is 12. What is the formula for magnesium chloride?
A) Mg2Cl2
B) Mg2Cl
C) MgCl
D)...
In ammonium chloride salt (NH4Cl) the anion is a single chloride ion, Cl-. What is the cation of NH4Cl?
In ammonium chloride salt (NH4Cl) the anion is a single chloride ion, Cl-. What is the cation of NH4Cl?
A) N, with a charge of +3
B) H, with a charge...
What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?
What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?
A) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of protons between atoms, and ionic bonds involve...
A possible sequence of nucleotides in DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence Phe-Leu-Lie-Val would be
A possible sequence of nucleotides in DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence Phe-Leu-Lie-Val would be
a. 5' TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG 3'
b. 3' AAC-GAC-GUC-AUA...
A frameshift mutation could result from
A frameshift mutation could result from
a. a base insertion only.
b. a base deletion only.
c. a base substitution only.
d. deletion of three...
With each replication of the DNA molecule, the DNA molecule becomes shorter.
With each replication of the DNA molecule, the DNA molecule becomes shorter.
a. This is best explained by the fact that DNA polymerase can only add...
In DNA, the designations 3' and 5' refer to the
In DNA, the designations 3' and 5' refer to the
a. bonds formed between phosphate groups and carbon atoms of deoxyribose.
b. carbon or nitrogen...
The 3' Poly-A tail is attached to
The 3' Poly-A tail is attached to
a. the Poly-A polymerase enzyme.
b. the mRNA.
c. the tRNA.
d. the coding strand of the DNA molecule.
e. the...
Eukaryotic mRNA molecules are occasionally interspersed with non-coding sequences that must be removed before protein synthesis. These are called
Eukaryotic mRNA molecules are occasionally interspersed with non-coding sequences that must be removed before protein synthesis. These are called
a....
The tRNA nucleotide sequence that lines up on the mRNA is
The tRNA nucleotide sequence that lines up on the mRNA is
a. an intron.
b. an exon.
c. a release factor.
d. an initiation factor.
e. an anticodon.
Answer:...
The 3-nucleotide sequence of an mRNA is called the
The 3-nucleotide sequence of an mRNA is called the
a. codon.
b. anticodon.
c. amino acid.
d. transcript.
e. template.
Answer:...
Similar to the complementary purine-pyrimidine relationship observed in DNA, which of the following choices pairs with adenine in RNA?
Similar to the complementary purine-pyrimidine relationship observed in DNA, which of the following choices pairs with adenine in RNA?
a. Thymine
b....
Amino acids are transported to the ribosome for use in building the polypeptide by
Amino acids are transported to the ribosome for use in building the polypeptide by
a. mRNA molecules.
b. tRNA molecules.
c. DNA polymerase molecules.
d....
When multiple snRNPs combine to form a larger complex called a ___________ the intron loops out and is excised.
When multiple snRNPs combine to form a larger complex called a ___________ the intron loops out and is excised.
a. synapse
b. introsome
c. exon
d....
In _________, a ribosome assembles a polypeptide, whose amino acid sequence is specified by the nucleotide sequence in the mRNA (which itself is a copy of the template DNA).
In _________, a ribosome assembles a polypeptide, whose amino acid sequence is specified by the nucleotide sequence in the mRNA (which itself is a copy...
Transcription begins at a RNA polymerase-binding site called a _____.
Transcription begins at a RNA polymerase-binding site called a _____.
a. ribosome
b. replicator
c. inducer
d. promoter.
Answer:...
The expression of a gene involves two phases, ___________ and translation.
The expression of a gene involves two phases, ___________ and translation.
a. replication
b. transcription
c. unwinding
d. condensation
Answer:...
Which of the following DNA sequences is complementary to 5' ATGGTCAGT 3'?
Which of the following DNA sequences is complementary to 5' ATGGTCAGT 3'?
a. 5' ATGGTCAGT 3'
b. 5' TGACTGGTA 3'
c. 5' TACCAGTCA 3'
d. 5' ACTGACCAT...
The lagging strand is replicated with stretches of Okazaki fragments and that is why its synthesis is considered to be
The lagging strand is replicated with stretches of Okazaki fragments and that is why its synthesis is considered to be
a. discontinuous.
b. continuous.
c....
Replication always proceeds by adding new bases to the
Replication always proceeds by adding new bases to the
a. 1' end.
b. 2' end.
c. 3' end.
d. 4' end.
e. 5' end.
Answer:...
The chemical bond connecting one nucleotide with the next one along the nucleic acid chain is called a
The chemical bond connecting one nucleotide with the next one along the nucleic acid chain is called a
a. C = C bond.
b. hydrogen bond.
c. hydrophobic...
DNA polymerase requires a(n)
DNA polymerase requires a(n)
a. amino acid primer.
b. lipid primer.
c. hydrophilic primer.
d. DNA primer.
e. RNA primer.
Answer:...
Hershey-Chase concluded from their experiment with T2 bacteriophage that
Hershey-Chase concluded from their experiment with T2 bacteriophage that
a. proteins are the genetic material.
b. polysaccharide coat contains...
The enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA molecules is called
The enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA molecules is called
a. DNA ligase.
b. DNA polymerase.
c. DNA gyrase.
d. DNA helicase.
e. DNA...
The method of DNA replication, where each original strand is used as a template to build a new strand, is called the
The method of DNA replication, where each original strand is used as a template to build a new strand, is called the
a. conservative method.
b....
The synthesis of the growing chain of DNA is carried out by adding nucleotides to the ___ end.
The synthesis of the growing chain of DNA is carried out by adding nucleotides to the ___ end.
a. 8'
b. 3'
c. 5'
d. 1'
Answer:...
Watson and Crick developed a model of DNA in which the two strands twist into the shape of a _________________.
Watson and Crick developed a model of DNA in which the two strands twist into the shape of a _________________.
a. circle
b. helix
c. double helix
d....
DNA consists of two antiparallel strands of nucleotide chains held together by
DNA consists of two antiparallel strands of nucleotide chains held together by
a. peptide bonds.
b. polar covalent bonds.
c. ionic bonds.
d. hydrogen...
A man who had purple ears came to the attention of a human geneticist. The human geneticist did a pedigree analysis and made the following observations: In this family, purple ears proved to be an inherited trait due to a single genetic locus. The man's mother and one sister also had purple ears, but his father, his brother, and two other sisters had normal ears. The man and his normal-eared wife had seven children, including four boys and three girls. Two boys and two girls had purple ears. The purple-ear trait is most probably
A man who had purple ears came to the attention of a human geneticist. The human geneticist did a pedigree analysis and made the following observations:In...
Coat color in mice is determined by genes at two loci. When black mice from a particular population of mate, they produce offspring in the following ratios: 9 black: 3 brown: 4 white. These results suggest that white coat color is expressed as a result of
Coat color in mice is determined by genes at two loci. When black mice from a particular population of mate, they produce offspring in the following...
From a cross of AAbbCC with aaBBcc, what is the probability that the offspring will display a genotype of AaBbCc?
From a cross of AAbbCC with aaBBcc, what is the probability that the offspring will display a genotype of AaBbCc?
a. 1/16
b. 1/8
c. 3/16
d. 1/4
e....
Two traits, A and B are linked, but they are not always inherited together. The most likely reason is:
Two traits, A and B are linked, but they are not always inherited together. The most likely reason is:
a. They are not really on the same chromosome
b....
A couple has three children, all of whom have brown eyes and blond hair. Both parents are homozygous for brown eyes (BB), but one is a blond (rr) and the other is a redhead (Rr). What is the probability that their next child will be a brown eyed redhead?
A couple has three children, all of whom have brown eyes and blond hair. Both parents are homozygous for brown eyes (BB), but one is a blond (rr) and...
Which of the following findings provides the best evidence that an abnormal trait is sex-linked?
Which of the following findings provides the best evidence that an abnormal trait is sex-linked?
a. The trait always skips a generation
b. Some members...
In the fruit fly Drosophila, the allele for normal body (B) is dominant to the allele for hairy body (b). When two normal bodied fruit flies were mated, they produced 81 hair-bodied flies and 319 normal -bodied flies. The genotypes of the parents are most likely?
In the fruit fly Drosophila, the allele for normal body (B) is dominant to the allele for hairy body (b). When two normal bodied fruit flies were mated,...
If an individual allele has more than one effect on the phenotype it is said to be
If an individual allele has more than one effect on the phenotype it is said to be
a. pleiotropic.
b. epistatic.
c. recessive.
d. dominant.
e....
Let P = purple flowers and p = white, and T = tall plants and t = dwarf. What combinations of gametes could be produced by a heterozygote for both the traits?
Let P = purple flowers and p = white, and T = tall plants and t = dwarf. What combinations of gametes could be produced by a heterozygote for both the...
Let R = red pigment and r = no pigment. In carnations, RR offspring make a lot of red pigment, rr offspring make no pigment and Rr offspring make a small amount of red pigment, thus appearing pink. Pink carnations are therefore an example of
Let R = red pigment and r = no pigment. In carnations, RR offspring make a lot of red pigment, rr offspring make no pigment and Rr offspring make a...
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